Essay On Loss Supported by Relevant Academic Sources - Free Essay Example

Choose one event on loss and construct an academic essay supported by relevant academic sources INTRODUCTION This essay explores my experience of loss and grief after the death of my father in 1997 and how my grieving process relates to theories put forward to explain and deal with bereavement. Hall (2014) suggests that loss and grief are fundamental to human life..Harvey (1998) perceives loss as a life experience relating to something irreversible and emotions towards what is lost. Hall (2014) defines grief as the response to the loss in its totality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" including its physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioural and spiritual manifestations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and as a natural and normal reaction to loss. It has been argued that in order to understand grief it is important to understand the role of attachment. Mallon (2008) observed that in order to have loss there must be attachment. As a result many theories of attachment play a major role in bereavement counseling. Bowlby (1980) emphasised the role of attachment in relationships. He suggests that a childs emotional growth will be compromised if the child does not have attachment to a significant other person. The consequences can be that the individual may have difficulties connecting with others. This essay will first explore some of the salient theories on grief and bereavement. Secondly, a discussion of my experiences grieving my fathers death drawing on some key elements of bereavement theories will follow. Finally, a summary of the discussion will conclude the essay. THEORIES OF BEREAVEMENT AND LOSS Freud (1953 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1974) was the first major contributor to the theory of grief. His theory stressed that grieving individuals search for an attachment that has been lost. His work involved the process of breaking the links that bonded the survivor to the deceased. He identified three elements namely: Freeing the bereaved from the bondage to the deceased Readjustment to life without the deceased Building new relationships. Parkes (1971, 1996) argued that Freuds concept of grief was useful in considering grief to be part of a rebuilding process which he calls psychosocial transition. Freud (1953-1974) argued that the grieving experience for the bereaved requires that they acknowledge their separation from the deceased by going through a process that includes painful emotions of guilt and anger. Furthermore, these emotions must be expressed. Key to Freuds approach was the idea that if the bereaved failed to work with or complete their grief work, then the grieving process would become complicated and compromise recovery. This model stresses the importance of moving on as quickly as possible in order to return to normal functioning. Influenced by Freud (1953-1974), several grief theorists including KÃÆ' ¼bler Ross (1969), Bowlby (1980) and Parkes Weiss (1983) conceptualised grief as a process of predictable phases and tasks. One of the most recognised was KÃÆ' ¼bler Ross (1969), who proposed t he five-stage model that constituted the following stages: Shock and denial Anger Resentment and guilt Bargaining Depression and Acceptance. The model insists that failure to complete the stages would result in acute mental health complications. Hall (2014) argues that the stage theories were popular because they suggest a sense of conceptual order while offering hope of recovery and closure. Despite their popularity, most stage theories attracted criticism in the same way that Freuds proposition attracted criticism for their lack of empirical evidence and their rigidity. Furthermore, the stage theories have been challenged for their inability to capture the complex, diverse and multi-faceted nature of the grieving experience. Baxter and Diehl (1998) argue that since grief is considered to be fluid, it is unlikely that individuals are able to go through the stages in a methodical manner as advocated by the stage theorists. In short, they do not take account of factors such as the physical, psychological, social, cultural and spiritual needs that impact on the bereaved people, their families and intimate networks (Hall 2 014). Despite these criticisms, early stage theories have provided great groundwork and influence on current theories such as the Dual-Processing theory developed by Stroebe and Schut (1999) and Worden (2008). Hall (2014) argues that these theories take account of many of the risks and protective factors identified by research and provide an important context for appreciating the idiosyncratic nature of attachment to the deceased that is lacking in the earlier stage theories. Both models provide frameworks that guide intervention. Richardson and Balaswamy (2001), when evaluating the Dual Processing Model, suggested that avoiding grief can have both positive and negative outcomes. They proposed that this is where bereavement is perceived as including Loss of Orientation and Restoration Orientation. The griever in the loss-orientation is preoccupied with emotions, yearning and ruminating about the deceased, whereas, restoration orientation involves taking over the responsibilities and the roles undertaken by the deceased and making lifestyle changes, setting up a new identity without the deceased (Richardson, 2007; Bennett, 2010a). Worden (2008) suggests that grieving should be considered as an active process that involves engagement with four tasks: Accepting the reality of the loss Processing the pain of grief Adjusting to a world without the deceased (including both internal, external and spiritual adjustments) Finding an enduring connection with the deceased whilst embarking on a new life. To understand what the client is experiencing, Worden identified seven determinants that need to be considered: Who the person who died was The nature of the attachment to the deceased How the person died Historical antecedents Personality variables Social mediators Concurrent stressors EXPERIENCES OF GRIEF In discussing my grieving process, I am going to draw on Wordens (2008) four tasks indicated above. The seven determinants indicated above will be used to guide the discussion and interpret the experience utilising relevant theoretical perspectives. i. To accept the reality of the loss I was in the UK undertaking my nursing course when my father died in Zimbabwe from a sudden heart related problem. I was informed early in the morning soon after my brother received news of his death. Since I was living alone, I had to make several phone calls home to confirm his death and to ascertain how he died and establish why more was not done. I remember crying but the tears did not correspond to my emotions. For a long time I felt detached from my feelings. My emotions appeared to be bottled up and were difficult to release. My immediate response to the news reflects Bowlby and Parkes (1970)s proposed first stage of grief where the individual experiences numbness, shock, and denial. I h ad always dreaded the day my father would die. I remember pacing up and down my bedroom, feeling very alone and helpless. During one of the calls from my brother, he mentioned that he needed me there. That was the time that I realised that this was real. It was at this moment that I started to call friends and informing them of the news. I cannot remember most of what happened but I remember one of my friends took over and made the necessary travel arrangements and spoke to my family in Zimbabwe. I believe that I only accepted the loss much later when I found that I could not share with him that I had bought a beautiful house. I desperately needed his comments and praises. My letter with the surprise information and pictures was in the post box when he passed away. ii. To process the pain of grief I believe I experienced the pain of losing my father when I returned to the UK after going through three weeks of the funeral and other rituals related to death in my culture. The cu ltural rituals are a mixed bag of tears, laughter, praying, singing and sharing memories and kinship with the deceased. This, to a large extent, eased me into the grieving process. However, the real pain of his loss took place when I returned to the UK where I could grieve in private. I found myself avoiding friends and other associates. It was as if my identity had been taken away and that made me tearful. This echoes the suggestion by Caserta and Lund (1992) that the bereaved may have to redefine their identity. Prompting questions like Who am I now that I am no longer a daughter? Hall (2011) and Caserta and Lund (1992) suggest that this can set in motion a process of re-learning ourselves and the world. On reflection, friends and associates reminded me of the me that I had lost. The pain would come and go. I often cried on my own. The crying and anxiety concurs with Bowlbys proposition that loss of the affectional attachment results in emotional disturbances such as anxiety, cryi ng and anger (Freeman, 2005). I experienced this for over a year and felt lost. Although functioning, I was no longer myself. I started having frequent dreams of my father and would look forward to going to bed where I could be with my father. iii. To adjust to a world without the deceased It is difficult to identify exactly when it was that I adjusted to a life without my father. It took a long time. Although we lived far from each other, my father played a major role in most of my decisions and reassurances. Two events contributed to my adjustment. Firstly, my mother encouraged me to register for a Masters course that I was talking myself out of. Suddenly, I saw my fathers qualities in her. The security and trust I had in my father had transferred to my mother. Secondly, crying uncontrollably at a church in the UK the day I received news that my brother had died in a car accident. On reflection I realised that although I was crying for the loss of my brother, I was also fina lly crying for my father. Taking over care for my brothers children added to the adjustment of living without my father. iv. Finding an enduring connection with the deceased whilst embarking on a new life Being ancestral believers, the bond between my late father and me remains but it manifests in a different form to the bond we had when he was alive. I believe that spiritually, my father and my forefathers protect me and help me achieve my ambitions by chasing away bad spirits and creating luck and opportunities for me. My family and I participate in cultural rituals in remembrance of him and our forefathers. Psychologically, my bond with my father remains as he continues to be my role model. As a result, I dedicate most of my achievements to him. This continued connection and perceived role played by my father 18 years after his death confirm Datson and Marwits (1997) argument that continued bonds with deceased can have positive outcomes. Therefore, letting go is not necessa rily the requirement for successful grieving. According to Hall (2014) this idea represents recognition that death ends a life, not necessarily a relationship. CONCLUSION The discussion above illustrates that the theoretical perspectives of loss and bereavement have developed from emotional attachment to more holistic approaches. These theories not only carry on the influences of the early work focused on emotions and attachment but take account of the social, economic, cultural and spiritual needs experienced by bereaved people. Significantly, these theories do not center letting go as a requirement of successful grieving. On the contrary, a continued bond with the deceased can be positive. My experience largely confirmed the complexity of the grieving process. Some of the experiences indicated above confirmed some of the early theorists observations such as the emotional rollercoaster and the early stage theorists suggestions of shock in the early stages. I did not however experience the full stages of grieving in chronological order, and the experience was by no means quick. Factors such as my culture and spiritual beliefs contributed significant ly to my grieving process and influenced the outcome of my continued bond with father. In view of this it can be argued that there is a place for the different approaches to loss and bereavement in supporting bereaved people. However, the multi-cultural society encouraged by globalisation requires that we take account of the wider aspects of the bereavement process. REFERENCES Baxter, E. A. and Diehl, S. (1998). Emotional stages: Consumers and family members recovering from the trauma of mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 21(4) Bennett, K. M. (2010a). You cant spend years with someone and just cast them aside: Augmented identity in older British widows. Journal of Women and Aging, 22, (3), 204-217 Bennett, K. M. (2010b). How to achieve resilience as an older widower: Turning points or gradual change? Ageing and Society, 30 (03), 369-382. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss. Volume 3, Loss, sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books Bowlby, J. and Parkes, C. M. (1970). Separation and loss within the family. In E. J. Anthony C. Koupernik (Eds.), The child in his family: International Yearbook of Child Psychiatry and Allied Professions (pp. 197-216), New York: Wiley Caserta, M. S. and Lund D. A. (1992). Bereavement stress and coping among older adults: Expectations versus the actual experience. Omega, 25, 33-45. Dat son, S. L. and Marwit, S. J. (1997). Personality constructs and perceived presence of deceased loved ones. Death Studies, 21 , 131 -146 Freud, S. (1953/1974). Mourning and melancholia. In J. Strachey (Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14). London: Hogarth. (Original work published in 1917.) Freeman, S. (2005). Grief and Loss: Understanding the Journey. Belmont, CA: Thompson Brooks/ Cole. Hall, C. (2011). Beyond Kubler-Ross: Recent developments in our understanding of grief and bereavement.Retrieved June 19, 2015, from https://www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/2011/december/hall/ Hall, C, 2014. Bereavement theory: recent developments in our understanding of grief and bereavement, Bereavement Care, 33:1, 7-12, .Retrieved June 19, 2015, from:https://www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/2011/december/hall/ Harvey J. H. (1998). Perspectives on Loss, a Sourcebook. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis K ÃÆ' ¼bler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying . New York: Springer Mallon, B. (2008). Attachment and loss, death and dying. Theoretical foundations for bereavement counselling. In Praise for the Book: Dying, death and grief: Working with adult bereavement. (pp. 4-17). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Parkes, C. M. (1971). Psycho-Social Transitions: A field for study. Social Science and Medicine, 5. 101-115 Parkes, C. M. (1996). Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life (3rd Ed.). London, London: Routledge Parkes C. M. and Weiss R. S. (1983). Recovery from bereavement. New York: Basic Books. Richardson, V. E. (2007). A dual process model of grief counseling: Findings from the Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC) studyJournal of Gerontological Social Work, 48 (3/4), 311-329. Richardson, V. E. and Balaswamy, S. (2001). Coping with bereavement among elderly widowers. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 43 (2), 129-144. Stroebe M. S. and Schut, H. (1999). The dua l process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description. Death Studies 23(3) 197-224. Worden J. W. (2008). Grief counseling and grief therapy: a handbook for the mental health practitioner (4th ed.). New York: Springer

Recruitment Coursework - 550 Words

Recruitment (Coursework Sample) Content: RecruitmentStudent NameInstitution AffiliationRecruitmentCARE International is a non-governmental organization that began by distributing care packages with food and other essential necessities to individuals in need after world war two in Europe. Since then, their aims have shifted mainly because they now help over 12,000 people in over 87 nations tackle the challenge of worldwide poverty.Essentially, recruitment is the process of recognizing that a company requires hiring somebody up to the point at which applications forms for the position have been successfully received by the enterprise. Selection, therefore, entails the processes involved in selecting the many potential employees the suitable candidate to fill the position.Recruiting internally uplifts the morale of the workers since they feel like the company is rewarding hard work by giving them an opportunity for more responsibilities. Furthermore, internal recruiting means fewer costs to the organization co mpared to external recruiting (Pynes, 2013). On the other hand, internal recruitment provides limited choice of talent available in the company as it does not allow the arrival of new candidates from outside.It is important to recruit externally because it makes it possible to draw upon a broad range of talents and provides an opportunity to get new experiences and the much-needed ideas into the organization. On the other hand, external recruitment is a little expensive, and the organization may end up with a candidate who proves to be less effective in practice than they do on paperIn conclusion,... Recruitment Coursework - 550 Words Recruitment (Coursework Sample) Content: RecruitmentStudent NameInstitution AffiliationRecruitmentCARE International is a non-governmental organization that began by distributing care packages with food and other essential necessities to individuals in need after world war two in Europe. Since then, their aims have shifted mainly because they now help over 12,000 people in over 87 nations tackle the challenge of worldwide poverty.Essentially, recruitment is the process of recognizing that a company requires hiring somebody up to the point at which applications forms for the position have been successfully received by the enterprise. Selection, therefore, entails the processes involved in selecting the many potential employees the suitable candidate to fill the position.Recruiting internally uplifts the morale of the workers since they feel like the company is rewarding hard work by giving them an opportunity for more responsibilities. Furthermore, internal recruiting means fewer costs to the organization co mpared to external recruiting (Pynes, 2013). On the other hand, internal recruitment provides limited choice of talent available in the company as it does not allow the arrival of new candidates from outside.It is important to recruit externally because it makes it possible to draw upon a broad range of talents and provides an opportunity to get new experiences and the much-needed ideas into the organization. On the other hand, external recruitment is a little expensive, and the organization may end up with a candidate who proves to be less effective in practice than they do on paperIn conclusion,...

Realism And The Cold War - 843 Words

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Why Do Some Employees But Not Others, Become Victims Of...

Why do some employees but not others, become victims of bullying and workplace harassment? Introduction In today’s competitive world where every single person is trying to be better than his/her peers or subordinates, the instances of workplace aggression leading to workplace bullying and workplace harassment are very common. Work organizations are like any other social setting where scarce resources, competition, time constraints to complete goals, personality of individuals often leads to workplace bullying and workplace harassment. Bullying and harassment are situations where a worker or supervisor is systematically mistreated and victimized by fellow workers or supervisors through repeated negative acts like insulting remarks and ridicule, verbal abuse, offensive teasing, isolation and social exclusion, or the constant degrading of ones’s work and efforts (Einarsen). 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An Article On The National Marriage Project - 880 Words

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Reflection Of Faith Based Nursing Essay - 1266 Words

Faith Based Nursing Following the Servant Christ, the early church took on the task of caring for and visiting the sick. A very important part of the church’s ministry from the beginning, has been healing and spiritual couseling. Parish Nursing began with the early work of deaconesses and other religious sisters who worked in parishes to provide whole person health promotion with an emphasis on spiritual care. The contemporary side of Parish Nursing was conceptualized by Reverend Granger Westberg as a result of his work with Holistic Health Centers in the 1970 s. In 1984 Reverend Westberg approached Lutheran General Health System, Park Ridge, Illinois, with the idea of partnering with local congregations in a parish nurse project. This resulted in six nurses being hired to work with six congregations. Represented in the six churches were two Roman Catholic Churches and four in the Lutheran and Methodist Churches (Vukelich, 2002). 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Analysing the Comparing Financial Statements of two competing Business

Question: Different roles of the financial and management accounting: How does the income statement affect the Balance Sheet? How does the income statement affect the Balance Sheet? How the regulatory environment of accounting impacts on business, commerce and society: Answer: How does the income statement affect the Balance Sheet? The bottom line of the income and the basic purpose of the income statement is the derivation of the net income. The income statement starts with the listing of the revenues and then listing with the matching expenses with the same. The matching concept requires the balancing of the income sand the revenues as against each other. If the revenues of the company exceeds the expenses, then the company earned a profit but if the company has more expenses than the revenues, it has suffered a loss. The amount that is derived is added to the amount of the retained earnings in the section of the stockholders equity and is then reported on the balance sheet. The financial statements is the summary of what has happened during the year. The components of the same are the income statements, retained earnings, balance sheet and the statement of cash flows. Each of the statement summarizes a different aspect of the organization. The income statement shows the income and the expenses that have been earned during the year. The balance sheet shows the position of the assets of the organization and the cash flow statement shows the position of cash during the year. (Small Business - Chron.com, 2015) (Wall Street Prep, 2015) How the regulatory environment of accounting impacts on business, commerce and society: It is the regulatory that has forced the business to disclose each and every aspect of it to the public. The companies are being asked to publish all the details with regard to the environment and the cost along with the financial accounts under the new set of the rules that are being discussed with the organizations that sets up the accounting standards. The business are duty bound to account for the impacts of the local quality of water, plants and the animals. The companies are causing a vast amount of damage to the living beings on the planet and the environment and they are bound by duty to disclose the amount of the damage that they are causing. Along with that they have to report the initiatives that they are undertaking in order to preserve the environment. The people think about the primary industries such as the agriculture forests, fisheries etc. (Jowit, 2010) The regulations have required the businesses to disclose everything to the public since after the scandals like Enron, Lehman Brothers, and the confidence of the public has been somewhat lost and in order to gain it back, it is really important to introduce the regulatory environment. (Baruch.cuny.edu, 2015) Financial statements of the coffee companies: Both the companies serve food and beverages. The following are the calculated ratios on the basis of which the investment decision shall be made: Particulars Caf Palomino Dew Drops Coffee and Bistro Liquidity ratios: Current assets 167000 195,408 Current liabilities 81,650 169,408 Current ratio 2.04531537 1.153475633 Current assets-inventory 142000 143,798 Current liabilities 81,650 169,408 Quick ratio 1.739130435 0.848826502 Profitability ratios: Net income 116,200 105,420 Total assets 1,301,450 1,291,158 Return on assets 8.93% 8.16% Net income 116,200 105,420 Shareholders equity 569,800 561,150 Return on equity 20.39% 18.79% Caf Palomino has a higher current ratio that the company will be in a position to better cater to the short term needs of the company whereas Dew Drops Coffee and Bistro does not enjoy a very good current ratio. Caf Palomino has a higher quick ratio that the company will be in a position to better cater to the short term needs of the company whereas Dew Drops Coffee and Bistro does not enjoy a very good quick ratio. Caf Palomino has a higher return on assets which shows that the company is able to utilize the assets in the most efficient way whereas Dew Drops Coffee and Bistro is not utilizing its assets in the most efficient way. Caf Palomino has a higher return on equity which shows that the company is able to utilize the money of the shareholders in the most efficient way whereas Dew Drops Coffee and Bistro is not utilizing the money of its shareholders in the most efficient way. Therefore, in the nutshell, it would be correct to say that from the point of view of an investor, the investment in Caf Palomino would be better. From the point of an investor, the investment is able to multiply and give some return on his investment would be better and from that point, the investment in Caf Palomino would prove to the most profitable. References: Accountingtools.com, (2015). What is the difference between financial and managerialaccounting? - Questions Answers - Accounting Tools. [Online] Available at: https://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/what-is-the-difference-between-financial-and-managerial-acco.html [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Baruch.cuny.edu, (2015). Changes in the Regulatory Environment and their Effects on Audits and Auditors - The Saxe Lectures in Accounting. [Online] Available at: https://www.baruch.cuny.edu/library/alumni/online_exhibits/digital/saxe/saxe_2008/wood_05_09_11.htm [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Joint, J. (2010). Accounting rules could force businesses to disclose environmental impact. [Online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/13/accounting-business-environmental-impact [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Small Business - Chron.com, (2015). How Items on the Income Statement Affect the Balance Sheet. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/items-income-statement-affect-balance-sheet-56643.html [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Small Business - Chron.com, (2015). The Differences between Financial Accounting Management Accounting. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/differences-between-financial-accounting-management-accounting-3985.html [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015]. Wall Street Prep, (2015). "How are the financial statements linked together?" | Wall Street Prep. [Online] Available at: https://www.wallstreetprep.com/how-are-the-financial-statements-linked-together/ [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015].